![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() These hormones may alter immunologic factors and responses, including antigen expression and presentation, cytokine production as well as the expression of apoptotic factors and cell death. The action of the hormones on these cells changes the effectiveness of the epithelial barrier to bacterial insult and collagen maintenance and repair. Estrogen can influence the cytodifferentiation of stratified squamous epithelium as well as the synthesis and maintenance of fibrous collagen. Sex steroid hormones directly and indirectly exert influences on cellular proliferation, differentiation and growth in target tissues. These changes not only affect other parts of the body, but also have significant influence on oral tissues as the receptors for estrogen and progesterone have been demonstrated in the gingiva, on the periosteal fibers, scattered fibroblasts of the lamina propria and also on periodontal ligament fibroblasts and osteoblasts proving the direct action of sex hormones on periodontal tissues. The variation in the level of female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone are responsible for various physiological changes in females at specific phases of their life. ![]()
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